ALT Our basic argument is that the problem with programming is not pro- gramming; it is the languages in which people are asked to program. The difficulty for end users has been that, for the most part, we have not developed the right formal languages to meet their needs. In a few cases, when we have developed such languages, end users have been spec- tacularly successful in programming their own applications… Stephen Wolfram, the inventor of Math- ematica, has remarked, “Mathematica’s success is based on a trick. Intro- ducing a new [programming] language doesn’t work ... but people will embrace what looks like a useful new application in itself.” The source of the success of the formal end user programming languages in these software systems is that the language primitives are the application-level primitives with which users are already familiar. A mathematician, in a broad sense, already knows Mathematica, an accountant already knows Lotus 1-2-3, a statistician already knows SPSS.